AP 微积分:导数(Derivatives)常考试题及解析

yumo66610个月前 (04-01)技术文章109

1. 导数的基本计算(Basic Derivative Computation)

题目 1(Problem 1):求函数 f(x) = 3x^2 - 5x + 2 的导数(Find the derivative of f(x) = 3x^2 - 5x + 2)。

解析(Solution):

- 根据幂函数求导规则(Power Rule):

f'(x) = d/dx (3x^2) - d/dx (5x) + d/dx (2)

= 6x - 5

答案(Answer):f'(x) = 6x - 5

题目 2(Problem 2):求函数 g(x) = x^3 - 4x + 7 的导数(Find the derivative of g(x) = x^3 - 4x + 7)。

解析(Solution):

- 使用幂法则(Using the Power Rule):

g'(x) = d/dx (x^3) - d/dx (4x) + d/dx (7)

= 3x^2 - 4

答案(Answer):g'(x) = 3x^2 - 4

2. 乘法法则(Product Rule)

题目 1(Problem 1):求 f(x) = (x^2 + 1)(x - 3) 的导数(Find the derivative of f(x) = (x^2 + 1)(x - 3))。

解析(Solution):

- 使用乘法法则(Using the Product Rule):

f'(x) = (x^2 + 1)'(x - 3) + (x^2 + 1)(x - 3)'

= (2x)(x - 3) + (x^2 + 1)(1)

= 2x(x - 3) + x^2 + 1

= 2x^2 - 6x + x^2 + 1

= 3x^2 - 6x + 1

答案(Answer):f'(x) = 3x^2 - 6x + 1

3. 商法则(Quotient Rule)

题目 1(Problem 1):求 f(x) = (x^2 - 1) / (x + 2) 的导数(Find the derivative of f(x) = (x^2 - 1) / (x + 2))。

解析(Solution):

- 使用商法则(Using the Quotient Rule):

f'(x) = [(x^2 - 1)'(x + 2) - (x^2 - 1)(x + 2)'] / (x + 2)^2

= [(2x)(x + 2) - (x^2 - 1)(1)] / (x + 2)^2

= [2x(x + 2) - (x^2 - 1)] / (x + 2)^2

= [2x^2 + 4x - x^2 + 1] / (x + 2)^2

= (x^2 + 4x + 1) / (x + 2)^2

答案(Answer):f'(x) = (x^2 + 4x + 1) / (x + 2)^2

4. 链式法则(Chain Rule)

题目 1(Problem 1):求 f(x) = (3x^2 + 1)^5 的导数(Find the derivative of f(x) = (3x^2 + 1)^5)。

解析(Solution):

- 使用链式法则(Using the Chain Rule):

f'(x) = 5(3x^2 + 1)^4 * (6x)

= 30x(3x^2 + 1)^4

答案(Answer):f'(x) = 30x(3x^2 + 1)^4

5. 隐函数求导(Implicit Differentiation)

题目 1(Problem 1):已知 x^2 + y^2 = 25,求 dy/dx(Given x^2 + y^2 = 25, find dy/dx)。

解析(Solution):

- 对两边求导(Differentiate both sides):

d/dx (x^2) + d/dx (y^2) = d/dx (25)

2x + 2y dy/dx = 0

- 解出 dy/dx(Solve for dy/dx):

dy/dx = -x / y

答案(Answer):dy/dx = -x / y

6. 二阶导数(Second Derivative)

题目 1(Problem 1):求 f''(x) 若 f(x) = x^3 - 6x^2 + 9x + 2(Find f''(x) if f(x) = x^3 - 6x^2 + 9x + 2)。

解析(Solution):

- 先求 f'(x)(First, find f'(x)):

f'(x) = 3x^2 - 12x + 9

- 再求 f''(x)(Then, find f''(x)):

f''(x) = 6x - 12

答案(Answer):f''(x) = 6x - 12

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